Elaborations

• reading texts to gain a sense of holistic meaning, and identifying cues, such as text type, familiar vocabulary, grammar and cultural references
• considering multiple meanings of vocabulary, for example, by using dictionaries and electronic translation tools, and making appropriate selections according to context, for example, petit; ago; de
• using known vocabulary, in Latin or English, and context to deduce the meaning of unknown words, for example, clamor, exclamare; puer in cubiculo dormit (dormitory)
• identifying meanings of words by recognising change of form, such as third declension nouns and irregular verbs, for example, nomen, nominis; est, sunt
• identifying parts of speech and their function in context to determine meaning, for example, identifying which noun is the subject of the verb
• identifying the specific function of inflected forms to determine meaning, for example, puellacanem videt (subject + object + verb) or puella est laeta (subject + verb + complement)
• applying knowledge of grammar to recognise in context the specific function of words which may have multiple applications, such as whether nomen or cives is subject or object
• developing problem-solving skills to resolve perceived issues and anomalies encountered in the translation process, for example, confusion of genitive and nominative forms such as domini
• exploring the effect of using the variety of English translations for tenses and making selections according to context, for example, clamat – ‘she is shouting’, ‘she shouts’, ‘she does shout’
• selecting appropriate English meanings, identifying words and expressions that do not translate easily, for example, res; virgo; vir; consul spectaculum dat
• discussing how words that refer to aspects of Roman culture should be translated, for example, servus (‘slave’ rather than ‘servant’)
• determining appropriate word order in English to retain meaning and emphasis, for example, agricolam in agro taurus petit
• translating Latin into idiomatic English, for example, by translating ego et tu as ‘you and I’
• discussing and correcting or improving own translations to increase accuracy and reflect register, tone and relationships between characters
• collaborating with peers to interpret meaning in texts and develop and edit joint translations, using a range of ICT
• applying appropriate strategies to translate, independently, unseen Latin texts