Elaborations

• applying basic pronunciation rules, including adding or changing tone markers, initial consonants or vowels to form new words, for example, buổi, cuối, đuổi, tuổi, chuối
• understanding and reproducing Vietnamese words with different tone markers, and understanding that pitch changes affect the meaning of a word, for example, thương, thường, thưởng, thượng
• understanding the variability of sound–letter matches and distinguishing between similar sounds such as chand tr, s and x (chai/trai or song/xong)
• exploring Vietnamese sounds such as heterographs, for example, giai and dai, dây and giây, and homonyms, for example, bàn (bàn bạc) or bàn (cái bàn)
• analysing Vietnamese pronunciation and intonation, for example, Anh ăn trưa chưa? Anh chưa ăn trưa? and Anh chưa ăn trưa
• applying Vietnamese spelling rules, for example, k, ghand ngh only go with i, e, and ê (kiến, kẻ, kể, ghi, ghe, ghế, nghỉ, nghe, nghệ)
• comparing Vietnamese words that end with i and y, and identifying words that are commonly misspelled, such as tai and tay, mai and may, ngài and ngày
• using appropriate punctuation in writing, including commas, full stops, question marks, semicolons, colons, inverted commas and exclamation marks