Elaborations

• recognising ways in which the Vietnamese language has changed over time, for example, the romanisation of the writing system, the declining use of Sino-Vietnamese words such as quốc kỳ and sư phụ, and the increasing use of English words such as ‘OK’, ‘jeans’, ‘shopping’ and ‘hello’
• recognising and understanding new and borrowed words, phrases and concepts that have been created or incorporated as a result of contact with other cultures, for example, kimono, koala, sushi, pizza, mì Ý (pasta), bánh mì kẹp thịt (hamburger), thức ăn nhanh (fast food)
• understanding that Vietnamese has different dialects, such as Southern, Central and Northern Vietnamese, for example, má/mẹ (mother), ba/bố (father), dứa/thơm, khóm (pineapple)
• distinguishing between the three main dialects in Vietnamese, for example, noticing that the Southern and Central Vietnamese dialects have fewer tone markers in spoken language than the Northern Vietnamese dialect
• exploring the expansion of vocabulary in the Vietnamese language due to the influence of regional dialects, for example, Southerners have adopted some Northern words (ba mẹ) and vice versa (cù lần)