Elaborations

• distinguishing and making nuances in pronunciation and spelling between some similar diphthongs and triphthongs, for example, chiều cao and cây cau, lổ mũi and con muỗi, chúi nhủi and trái chuối
• applying Vietnamese pronunciation and spelling rules to own speech and writing to pronounce and spell new words encountered in interactions and texts, for example, if the spelling of the word mười is known, then the spelling of the word người can be determined without knowing its meaning
• experimenting with intonation patterns to distinguish different types of sentences, for example, a statement (Con không đi chơi đâu.), a question (Con không đi chơi đâu?) and an exclamation (Con không đi chơi đâu!)
• comparing own Vietnamese speech patterns with standard Vietnamese pronunciation, and making adjustments to their pronunciation of certain sounds or tone markers as necessary, for example, g and r, s and x, ch and tr, or d and gi and v
• developing strategies to understand meaning when listening to diverse regional Vietnamese accents, for example, inferring meaning from the context of communication