Understand that graphemes are pronounced twice – for example, ਕਕ and ਖਖ – except for ਟ, which is pronounced as tenka (ਟੈਂਕਾ)

Be aware of the correct use of tongue, air flow and nasal sounds in pronouncing Punjabi consonants and vowels

Recognise and reproduce the sounds of the ten vowels, painti akhari and six naveen toli consonants of Gurmukhi

Experiment and create words by adding kanna to mukta letter/s and notice the difference in the sound; for example, ਹਰ, ਹਾਰ, ਹਰਾ

Recognise that the Gurmukhi script is used to write Punjabi

Recognise that Gurmukhi script is written from left to right and top to bottom and there are spaces between the words when writing sentences

Form words by joining letters with a line on top except ਅ, ਖ, ਘ, ਪ, ਮ

Become aware that capitalisation does not exist in Punjabi

Begin to trace/copy simple, modelled and formulaic sentences using basic punctuation; for example, the full stop (ਡੰਡੀ [।]) as in ਮੈਂ ਜਾਂਦਾ/ਜਾਂਦੀ ਹਾਂ।; ਮੈਂ ਖਾਂਦਾ/ਖਾਂਦੀ ਹਾਂ।; ਮੈਂ ਸੌਂਦਾ/ਸੌਂਦੀ ਹਾਂ।

Begin to write simple two‑to three-letter words using frequently-occurring letters and join them with a line on top; for example, ਕਰ, ਕਰਨ, ਮਨ, ਤਰਸ, ਕਲਮ

Generate language for a range of purposes in simple spoken and written texts by noticing and using context‑related vocabulary and some first elements of the Punjabi grammatical system, including:

• recognising that words for objects have masculine and feminine gender forms; for example, ਮੇਜ਼, ਕੁਰਸੀ, ਬੱਲਾ, ਗੇਂਦ, ਇੰਨਾਂ ਸ਼ਬਦਾਂ ਵਿੱਚ ਮੇਜ਼ ਅਤੇ ਬੱਲਾ ਪੁਲਿੰਗ ਹਨ ਅਤੇ ਕੁਰਸੀ ਅਤੇ ਗੇਂਦ ਇਸਤਰੀ ਲਿੰਗ ਹਨ।
• identifying the use of singular and plural first- and second-person pronouns; for example, ਮੈਂ-ਅਸੀਂ, ਤੂੰ-ਤੁਸੀਂ, ਤੇਰਾ-ਤੁਹਾਡਾ
• recognising simple adjectives to describe quality, quantity, and ownership; for example, ਸੋਹਣਾ, ਬਹੁਤਾ, ਮੇਰੀ ਕਿਤਾਬ
• using simple adjectives and recognising that adjectives change according to the gender of the noun; for example, ਉੱਚਾ ਪਹਾੜ-ਉੱਚੀ ਪਹਾੜੀ, ਮੋਟੀ ਬਿੱਲੀ-ਮੋਟਾ ਬਿੱਲਾ
• recognising verbs through activities such as playing action and card games and listening to songs
• experimenting with common verbs in formulaic phrases; for example, ਮੈਂ ਜਾਂਦਾ/ਜਾਂਦੀ ਹਾਂ।, ਮੈਂ ਖਾਂਦਾ/ਖਾਂਦੀ ਹਾਂ।, ਮੈਂ ਪੜ੍ਹਦਾ/ਪੜ੍ਹਦੀ ਹਾਂ।
• using words to indicate time of action; for example, ਸਵੇਰੇ, ਹੁਣੇ
• using phrases to express affirmation and negation; for example, ਹਾਂਜੀ, ਨਹੀਂ ਜੀ, ਅੱਛਾ ਜੀ।
• experimenting with familiar antonyms; for example, ਸੁੱਟਣਾ, ਚੁੱਕਣਾ; ਚੜ੍ਹਨਾ, ਉਤਰਨਾ
• experimenting with one and many surrounding objects through action games/songs, for example, ਕਿਤਾਬ, ਕਿਤਾਬਾਂ; ਬੱਚਾ, ਬੱਚੇ
• showing an understanding of location, position and direction; for example, ਇੱਥੇ ਆਓ, ਉੱਥੇ ਬੈਠੋ, ਸੱਜਾ, ਖੱਬਾ
• locating events in time by using the days of the week; for example, ਅਸੀਂ ਹਰ ਸ਼ਨਿੱਚਰਵਾਰ ਬਜ਼ਾਰ ਜਾਂਦੇ ਹਾਂ।
• developing cardinal number knowledge for 11 to 20

Understand that language is organised as ‘text’ and that different types of texts have different features

Recognise that Punjabi speakers use language differently in different situations, such as when socialising with peers and friends or at home with family

Recognise that Australia is a multilingual society with speakers of many different languages, including Punjabi, and that Punjabi and English borrow words and expressions from each other