Understand that each consonant has an embedded vowel (ਮੁਕਤਾ) attached to it that makes the ‘u’ sound, such as in ‘jug’

Understand that vowel sound symbols are called lagaan (ਲਗਾਂ) – mukta (no symbol), (ਾ), (ਿ), (ੀ), (ੁ), (ੂ), (ੇ), (ੈ), (ੋ), (ੌ) – and that when attached to a letter they provide a particular sound to the letter

Become aware that the vowels have two sounds – short sounds (mukta, sihari, aunkar) and long sounds (kanna, bihari, dulainkar, lanv, dulanv, horha, kanaurha)

Recognise that the placement of Gurmukhi letters is normally aligned below the line of writing, in contrast to English letters written on the line

Experiment with symbols, and letters to form words; for example, ਤਾਰ, ਸਿਰ, ਤੀਰ, ਤੁਰ, ਘੂਰ, ਬੇਰ, ਸੈਰ, ਢੋਲ, ਕੌਰ

Write legible and correctly‑formed letters with prompting

Begin to write simple modelled and formulaic phrases with spaces between words and use basic punctuation, written as a vertical line (I) called dundi (ਡੰਡੀ), to end a sentence with some support; for example,

ਮੈਂ ਸਕੂਲ/ਵਿਦਿਆਲੇ ਜਾਂਦਾ/ਜਾਂਦੀ ਹਾਂ।; ਮੈਂ ਖਾਣਾ ਖਾਂਦਾ/ਖਾਂਦੀ ਹਾਂ।

Generate language for a range of purposes in simple spoken and written texts by noticing and using context‑related vocabulary and some first elements of the Punjabi grammatical system, including:

• using common and concrete nouns in relation to gender and number; for example, ਸ਼ੇਰ-ਸ਼ੇਰਨੀ, ਰੋਟੀ-ਰੋਟੀਆਂ
• recognising that words can be used for specific people, places or objects; for example, ਜਮਾਤ ਦੇ ਬੱਚਿਆਂ ਦੇ ਨਾਮ, ਕਿੰਗਸ ਪਾਰਕ
• using singular and plural third person pronouns; for example, ਉਹ-ਉਨ੍ਹਾਂ
• using simple adjectives to describe quality, quantity, and ownership
• observing the relationship between gender, number and verb endings; for example, ਮੁੰਡਾ ਖਾਂਦਾ ਹੈ।; ਕੁੜੀ ਖਾਂਦੀ ਹੈ।; ਅਸੀਂ ਖਾਂਦੇ ਹਾਂ।
• using vocabulary to indicate the completion or non-completion of an action; for example, ਹਾਂ ਜੀ; ਜ਼ਰੂਰ; ਜੀ ਨਹੀਂ, ਮੇਰੇ ਕੋਲੋਂ ਇਹ ਕੰਮ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੋਇਆ।
• becoming aware that sentences in Punjabi have two parts- subject (ਉਦੇਸ਼) (noun), and predicate (ਵਿਧੇਅ) (verb); for example, ਸਿਮਰਨ ਗਾਉਂਦੀ ਹੈ। ਵਾਕ ਵਿੱਚ ਸਿਮਰਨ ਉਦੇਸ਼ ਅਤੇ ਗਾਉਂਦੀ ਹੈ ਵਿਧੇਅ ਹੈ।
• understanding that words link nouns, pronouns and phrases to other parts of the sentence; for example, ਨੇ, ਨੂੰ, ਦਾ, ਦੀਆਂ, ਉੱਤੇ ਆਦਿ
• using antonyms in daily routines; for example, ਸੱਚ-ਝੂਠ, ਚਾਨਣ-ਹਨੇਰਾ
• beginning to express events in time by using the months of the year and the seasons; for example, ਜਨਵਰੀ, ਫਰਵਰੀ, ਸਰਦੀ, ਗਰਮੀ
• developing cardinal number knowledge for 21 to 30

Understand that language is organised as ‘text’ that takes different forms and uses different structures and features to achieve its purpose

Understand that Punjabi speakers use language differently in different situations and according to cultural norms, such as when at home with family or in the classroom

Recognise that all languages, including Punjabi, change continuously over time through contact with each other and through changes in society