Understand that Punjabi has symbols for half sounds which are used to indicate partial sounds or as a tone marker, called dutt (ਦੁੱਤ), and that only three letters are used as half sounds:

• half R (ਪੈਰੀ ਰ): goes under a consonant and works as a blend; reads as pr, cr
• half H (ਪੈਰੀ ਹ): used as a tone maker; for example, ਜੜ means fixed and ਜੜ੍ਹ means root
• half V (ਪੈਰੀ ਵ): some examples are ਸ੍ਵਰਣ, ਸ੍ਵਰਗ

Build further understanding of the vowel symbols, lagaan and lagakhar

Distinguish between similar‑sounding words; for example, ਦਾਦੀ, ਦੀਦੀ; ਤਰ, ਤਾਰ, ਤਾਰਾ

Use the Punjabi sound system, Punjabi print conventions and punctuation to write texts

Generate language for a range of purposes in simple spoken and written texts by recognising and using context‑related vocabulary and elements of the Punjabi grammatical system, including:

• identifying different types of nouns in simple texts
• understanding that pronouns are used to emphasise the subject in a sentence; for example, ਆਪੋ-ਆਪਣਾ
• understanding that adjectives are used to represent numbers or order of things; for example, ਵੀਹਵਾਂ, ਦੁਗਣਾ, ਚੌਥਾਈ, ਕੁਝ, ਦਸ ਦੇ ਦਸ
• using words that show a number or frequency of a verb; for example, ਘੜੀ-ਮੁੜੀ, ਕਦੀ-ਕਦਾਈਂ
• recognising that postpositions change form in relation to gender and number; for example, ਗੀਤਾ ਦਾ ਬਸਤਾ, ਯੁਵਰਾਜ ਦੀ ਕਿਤਾਬ, ਸਲਮਾਨ ਦੀਆਂ ਕਿਤਾਬਾਂ
• using simple conjunctions, like ਜਾਂ, ਜਾਂ ਫਿਰ to write compound sentences and ਤਾਂ ਜੋ, ਕਿਉਂਕਿ to write complex sentences
• experimenting with interjections in a text; for example, ਹਲਾ! ਬੱਚ ਕੇ!
• developing an understanding of using simple and continuous present, past and future tense to write sentences
• identifying gender and number in a text
• further understanding that the sequence of grammatical items in a Punjabi sentence is subject+postposition+object+verb and auxiliary verb
• extending understanding that the gender of masculine words ending with mukta can be changed by adding kanna to the word; for example, ਅਧਿਆਪਕ-ਅਧਿਆਪਕਾ, ਗਾਇਕ-ਗਾਇਕਾ
• developing an understanding of changing singular words ending with kanna to plurals by replacing kanna with lanv (ੇ); for example, ਤੋਤਾ, ਤੋਤੇ
• understanding a letter/s can be added before or after a root word to create a new word; for example, ਉਪਕਾਰ-ਪਰਉਪਕਾਰ, ਰੰਗ-ਰੰਗਤ
• understanding and creating different types of sentences with correct punctuation
• identifying homonyms in texts
• identifying antonyms in texts
• furthering understanding of how a word/s can have the same meaning as another word; for example, ਇਨਸਾਨ – ਆਦਮੀ, ਮਨੁੱਖ, ਪੁਰਖ, ਬੰਦਾ, ਮਾਨਵ
• demonstrating that many words can be substituted by one word in relation to a number; for example, a group of 12 is a dozen (ਦਰਜਨ); a period of 10 years is a decade (ਦਹਾਕਾ)
• becoming aware that Punjabi new year starts in March – Chet (ਚੇਤ) is the first month – and exploring the names of all the months in the desi calendar
• using ਸਵਾ and ਪੌਣੇ when telling the time; for example, ਸਵਾ ਪੰਜ, ਪੌਣੇ ਅੱਠ
• developing number knowledge for 61 to 80

Build a metalanguage in Punjabi to comment on vocabulary and grammar, and describe patterns, grammatical rules and variations in language structures

Recognise that spoken, written and multimodal Punjabi texts have certain conventions and can take different forms depending on the context in which they are produced